Analysis of Primary Productivity of Waters in Jakarta Bay

Abstract

The Jakarta Bay is a coastal area that receives input from 13 major rivers and various anthropogenic activities, making it vulnerable to environmental degradation. This study aims to analyze the primary productivity of Jakarta Bay by identifying limiting factors from physical, chemical, and benthic aspects. This research uses a quantitative descriptive approach by utilizing secondary data from previous studies, monitoring reports, and official data from relevant agencies. The results show that high turbidity, fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and low dissolved oxygen are the main physical factors that limit light penetration and reduce photosynthesis efficiency. From a chemical perspective, excess nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates, along with heavy metal pollution, trigger eutrophication, phytoplankton blooms, and oxygen depletion. From a benthic aspect, the dominance of tolerant species, low diversity, and the presence of foraminifera with abnormal shells indicate ecosystem degradation in coastal and estuarine areas, while relatively stable conditions are found in the open sea. To maintain the sustainability of the ecosystem, integrated management is required through the control of nutrient loads, periodic monitoring of water quality, and the restoration of coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs. These efforts are expected to preserve ecological functions while also supporting the continuity of coastal community activities.